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DEFINITION :
Advertising is a form of communication intended to persuade an audience (viewers, readers or listeners) to purchase or take some action upon products, ideas, or services. It includes the name of a product or service and how that product or service could benefit the consumer, to persuade a target market to purchase or to consume that particular brand. These messages are usually paid for by sponsors and viewed via various media. Advertising can also serve to communicate an idea to a large number of people in an attempt to convince them to take a certain action.
Commercial advertisers often seek to generate increased consumption of their products or services through branding, which involves the repetition of an image or product name in an effort to associate related qualities with the brand in the minds of consumers. Non-commercial advertisers who spend money to advertise items other than a consumer product or service include political parties, interest groups, religious organizations and governmental agencies. Nonprofit organizations may rely on free modes of persuasion, such as a public service announcement.
Modern advertising developed with the rise of mass production in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Mass media can be defined as any media meant to reach a mass amount of people. Different types of media can be used to deliver these messages, including traditional media such as newspapers, magazines, television, radio, outdoor or direct mail; or new media such as websites and text messages.





DEFINISI:
Iklan adalah bentuk komunikasi yang dimaksudkan untuk membujuk penonton (pemirsa, pembaca atau pendengar) untuk membeli atau mengambil beberapa tindakan atas produk, ide, atau layanan. Ini mencakup nama produk atau layanan dan bagaimana produk atau layanan dapat menguntungkan konsumen, untuk membujuk target pasar untuk membeli atau untuk mengkonsumsi bahwa merek tertentu. Pesan-pesan ini biasanya dibayar oleh sponsor dan dilihat melalui berbagai media. Iklan juga dapat berfungsi untuk mengkomunikasikan ide untuk sejumlah besar orang dalam upaya untuk meyakinkan mereka untuk mengambil tindakan tertentu.
pengiklan Komersial seringkali mencari untuk menghasilkan peningkatan konsumsi produk atau jasa melalui branding, yang melibatkan pengulangan nama gambar atau produk dalam upaya untuk kualitas terkait mengasosiasikan dengan merek di benak konsumen. pengiklan non-komersial yang menghabiskan uang untuk mengiklankan barang-barang lainnya dari produk konsumen atau jasa termasuk partai politik, kelompok kepentingan, organisasi keagamaan dan lembaga pemerintah. Organisasi Nirlaba dapat mengandalkan mode bebas dari persuasi, seperti pengumuman layanan publik.
iklan modern dikembangkan dengan kenaikan produksi massal pada akhir abad ke-20 ke-19 dan awal. Media massa dapat didefinisikan sebagai setiap media dimaksudkan untuk mencapai jumlah massa rakyat. Berbagai jenis media dapat digunakan untuk menyampaikan pesan-pesan ini, termasuk media tradisional seperti koran, majalah, televisi, radio, surat terbuka atau langsung; atau media baru seperti website dan pesan teks.

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Procedure, Narrative And Expressions

Procedure, Narrative And Expressions

Procedure

How to make Lemonade

Ingredients:

For each glass use:

- 2 tablespoons of lemon juice.

- 2 tablespoons of sugar.

- 1 glass of water.

Methods:
1. Slice a lemon in half and squeeze the juice into a cup.
2. Take out the seeds.
3. Pour two tablespoons of juice into glass.
4. Add sugar.
5. Add water and stir well.
6. Taste the lemonade. You may want to add more sugar or more lemon to make it taste just right.
7. Put it in ice cubes. A drop of red food coloring will make pink lemonade.
A CONE-SHAPED BASKET
Materials:
- Heavy paper
- Ribbon or string
- A plate
- A pencil
- Paste
Method:
1. Use a half circle of paper to make the cone basket.
2. Draw a whole circle on paper using a plate as the pattern to make a half circle.
3. Cut out the circle and fold it in half.
4. Cut the two halves apart along the fold.
5. Twist the half circle into a cone shape and it in place.
6. Use a ribbon or a string for the handle. Paste the ends of the ribbon in place.
7. Decorate your cone basket.
How to make Popcorn crunch
Materials:
- 1,5 cups of sugar wheat cereal
- 1 cup of golden syrup flaked almond
- 0,5 cup of butter
- 8 cup of popcorn already pop
- 2 cups of puffed
- 1 cup of toasted
- 1 teaspoon of vanilla
- 0,75 teaspoon of cinnamon
Time: 10 minutes
How to make it:
Place sugar and golden syrup in a heatproof dish, stir and cook until sugar is dissolved (approximately four minutes on high).
Add butter and cook for six minutes.
While this is cooking, place popcorn, puff wheat cereal, and almonds into a separate bowl.
Add cinnamon and vanilla to golden syrup mixture, combine syrup with popcorn, cereal and almonds and spread over a lighty greased 25 cetimeters x 30 centimeters baking tray.
Allow to cool and then cut into pieces.
Store in an airtight container.
HOW TO MAKE PEANUT CRUNCH
What you’ll need :
v 1 cup of peanuts
v 3 cups of brown sugar
v 2 tablespoons of vinegar
v 1 cup of water
What to do :
Place the sugar, water and vinegar into a large saucepan.
Stir slowly over a low heat until the sugar is disolved
Add peanuts , increase the heat and allow to boil
Remove from the heat when the nuts have craked and the mixture appears golden brown
Allow bubbles to settle
Spoon into small paper patty cases or pour the mixture into a flat greased pan and mark into bite-size pieces.
Recount
CLASS PICNIC
Last Friday our school went to Centennial Park for a picnic
First our teachers marked the rolls and the we got on the buses. On the buses, everyone was chatting and eating. When we arrived at the park, some students played cricket, some played cards but others went for a walk with the teachers. At lunchtime, we sat together and had our picnic. Finally, at two o’clock we left for school.
We had a great day.
3. Descriptive ‘ISSIS’ Cafe.
‘ISSIS’ is Javanese word meaning ‘cool’. So, besides the food, ISSIS Café offers a spacious, fully air-conditioned, cozy place.
Located at Jl. Cilacap No. 8, Jakarta Pusat, ISSIS Café is famous for its European food, especially steak, barbecue ribs, salad, and soup. You might find this kind of food anywhere else, but there is no other place that offers great meals at better prices than ISSIS Café.
You can enjoy a delicious imported sirloin steak for only Rp. 25,000 and ice cappuccino for only Rp. 5,500. There is also a salad bar with eight different vegetables. You can make your own salad which you can eat as much as you like, for only Rp. 12,000. The customers are mostly college students, office workers, and families.
4. News Item Undersea earthquake strikes off Maluku
JAKARTA (AP): A strong earthquake struck in eastern Indonesian waters on Tuesday, a meteorological agency said. A local official said there was no threat of a destructive tsunami, and no damage or causalities were immediately reported.
The quake, which had a preliminary magnitude of 6.1, was centered beneath the Banda Sea around 188 kilometers (117 miles) southwest of Ambon, the capital of Maluku province, the U.S. Geological Survey said on its Web site.
The tremor was not felt by residents in the region and there were no reports of damage or casualties, said Aprilianto, an official at a Jakarta-based local Meteorological and Geophysics Agency.
5. Report Australia
Australia is a large continent. It has six states and two territories.
The capital city of Australia is Canberra. It is in the Australian Capital Territory.
The population of Australia is about 20 million. The first inhabitants to live in Australia were Aboriginal people. After that people came from all over the world. The main language is English, however many other languages are spoken.
There are many plants and animals that are only found in Australia, e.g. kangaroos, platypuses, gum trees and Waratahs.
The main products and industries are wool, minerals, oil, coal, cereals and meat.
Some famous landmarks are the Harbour Bridge, the Opera House and Uluru (Ayers Rock).
2. Drugs
Drugs are chemical substances. There are three different types of drugs: stimulants, depressants and hallucinogens.
Stimulants speed up the central nervous system. They increase heart rate, blood pressure and breathing. Examples are caffeine, nicotine, amphetamines, ecstasy and cocaine.
Depressants slow down the central nervous system. They decrease heart and breathing rates. Alcohol, heroin and analgesics are common examples of these types of drugs.
Hallucinogens change mood, thought and senses. LSD is the most well-known example of this type of drug.
3. A traditional market
A traditional market is the type of market where people can bargain the prices. The items sold in traditional market are basically the same. They are fruits, vegetables, meat and fish, spices, dry good and household items. At the glances, the market may seem to be disorganized mess.
Surrounding the market there are many small scale traders, usually selling fruits. This traders can not afford the cost of renting a stall inside the market.
On the first floor of the market, there are permanent kiosks and stall selling textile, stationery, clothing, electronic goods, household appliances, gold shops, etc.
On the second floor, people can buy meat and fish, fruits, vegetables, and dry goods. The sellers sell fruits and vegetables through the middle area. Meanwhile they sell dry goods in the edge area of the second floor
6. Hortatory Exposition Good morning, ladies and gentlemen
Thank you very much for the House of Representatives which had invited me to give the speech concerning about the mystery sinetrons shown in many television presently. My name is Budi Santoso, a lecturer at University of Indonesia majoring in mass communication. Here, I represent the academics point of view about the subject we discuss this morning.
As we know, there are many mystery sinetrons shown on Television stations presently. The sinetrons depict horrible scenes about the spirit world. It is described that spirits often disturb people by frightening them in the darkness, when they walk alone at night or at the cemetery. The spirits are pictured as frightening appearance such as white clothes flying corpse, shattered face copse etc. the show must be abandoned for several reasons.
Firstly, it make a wrong perception of people especially children and women to do activity at nights, for example going to the wells, even cooking at kitchen alone. How do you fell if you always live in anxiety.
Thirdly, such kind of sinetrons waste out time to think unreal phenomena while we are facing many kinds of living problems.
In brief, for the reason, I think television station must stop showing mystery sinetrons. They are bad influences for people, frightening our children and destroying their belief to god.
Thank you very much for your attention.
7. Analytical Exposition SHOULD CHILDREN WEAR HATS AT SCHOOL?
(Statement of position):
I believe that you should always wear a hat at school when you are playing outside , to stop you from getting sunburn.
(Argument 1):
Firstly, if you don’t wear a hat, you will get sunburn ant the sunburn is painful.
(Argument 2):
Secondly, sunburn could lead to skin cancer. Sunburn can lead to health problems later in life. Many older people suffer from skin cancer which can kill them.
(Reinforcement of position statement):
In my opinion all school students should wear hats.
8. Spoof One day, two villagers went to Jakarta. They went to the biggest mall and saw shiny silver walls that could open and move apart and back together. They were amazed when an old lady rolled in to the small room and the doors closed. A minute later, the doors opened and a young beautiful lady stepped out. The father said to his son “Go, get your mother now.”
The ending of the story is funny because they thought that the doors can change an old lady into a young beautiful lady. Whereas the doors were actually elevator doors.

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Active And Passive Voice

ACTIVE AND PASSIVE VOICE

Kalimat Aktif dan Kalimat Pasif

Kata kerja transitif mempunyai dua voice (ragam gramatikal), aktif dan pasif.

1) Bentuk aktif adalah orang, binatang, atau benda yang ditunjukkan oleh subjek dikatakan

melakukan sesuatu pada yang lain.

Contoh: Karim killed a tiger. Karim membunuh seekor harimau

2) Bentuk pasif adalah orang, binatang atau benda dikatakan menderita sesuatu dari sesuatu yang lain.

Contoh: A tiger was killed by Karim. Seekor harimau dibunuh oleh Karim

Bentuk pasif :

To Be + Past Participle

Aturan-aturan :

a) Kata kerja transitif tidak digunakan dalam bentuk pasif, kecuali kalau kata kerja itu menggunakan cognate object dalam bentuk aktif.

Aktif : She sang a fine song. Ia menyanyikan sebuah nyanyian yang merdu

Pasif : A fine song was sung by her. Sebuah nyanyian yang merdu dinyanyikan olehnya

b) Bilamana kalimat diubah dari bentuk aktif ke pasif, objek untuk kata kerja aktif menjadi subjek untuk kalimat kerja pasif.

objek untuk kata kerja aktif :

Aktif: Linda can make tarts. Linda dapat membuat kue tart

Subjek untuk kata kerja pasif :

Pasif: Tarts can be made by Linda

c) Retained object (objek yang tetap dipakai/dipertahankan dalam pasif)

Dua buah objek dalam kalimat aktif, ketika diubah menjadi kalimat pasif, masih tetap ada sebuah objek dipertahankan, objek ini dinamakan retained object. Objek ini mungkin objek tak langsung dari kata kerja aktif atau objek langsung dari kata kerja aktif.

Objek tak langsung dari kata kerja aktif

Kata Kerja aktif Kata kerja pasif

We gave him a prize A prize was given him by us

Objek langsung dari kata kerja aktif

Kata Kerja aktif Kata kerja pasif

We gave him a prize He was given a prize by us

Berikut contoh-contoh kalimat aktif yang dirubah menjadi kalimat pasif dalam bentuk tenses :

1) Simple present

Aktif

John bites Mary

John doesn’t bite Mary

Does John bite Mary?

What does John do?

Who bites Mary?

Who does John bite?



Pasif

Mary is bitten by John

Mary isn’t bitten by John

Is Mary bitten by John?

What is done by John?

Who is Mary bitten by?

Who is bitten by John?

2) Simple continuous

Aktif

John is biting Mary

John isn’t biting Mary

Is John biting Mary?

What is John doing?

Who is biting Mary?

Who is John biting?



Pasif

Mary is being bitten by John

Mary isn’t being bitten by John

Is Mary being bitten by John?

What is being done by John?

Who is Mary being bitten by?

Who is being bitten by John?

3) Present perfect

Aktif

John has bitten Mary

John hasn’t bitten Mary

Has John bitten Mary?

What has John done?

Who has bitten Mary?

Who has John bitten?



Pasif

Mary has been bitten by John

Mary hasn’t been bitten by John

Has Mary been bitten by John?

What has been done by John?

Who has Mary been bitten by?

Who has been bitten by John?

4) Present perfect continuous

Aktif

John has been biting Mary

John hasn’t been biting Mary

Has John been biting Mary?

What has John been doing?

Who has been biting Mary?

Who has John been biting?



Pasif

Mary has been being bitten by John

Mary hasn’t been being bitten by John

Has Mary been being bitten by John?

What has been being done by John?

Who has Mary been being bitten by?

Who has been being bitten by John?

5) Simple past

Aktif

John bit Mary

John didn’t bite Mary

Did John bite Mary?

What did John do?

Who bit Mary?

Who did John bite?


Pasif

Mary was bitten by John

Mary wasn’t bitten by John

Was Mary bitten by John?

What was done by John?

Who was Mary bitten by?

Who was bitten by John?

6) Past continuous

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